Journal Information
Vol. 9. Issue 4.
Pages 327-335 (July - August 2003)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 9. Issue 4.
Pages 327-335 (July - August 2003)
ARTIGO ORIGINAL/ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access
Síndroma de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Doença Cardiovascular – Estudo retrospectivo
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Cardiovascular Disease – A retrospective study
Visits
4270
Marta Drummond, J.C. Winck, J. Almeida, J.A. Marques
Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital de São João, Departamento de Medicina do Hospital de São João
S. Pereira*
* Serviço de Higiene e Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
RESUMO

Introdução – A Síndroma de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) está associada a efeitos deletérios sobre a fisiologia cardiovascular. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado a existência de associação significativa entre esta patologia e a Doença Cardiovascular (DCV).

Objectivo – Determinar a prevalência de DCV em indivíduos com diferentes graus de gravidade de SAOS e verificar a existência de associação significativa entre as duas entidades nosológicas.

Material e Métodos – Estudo retrospectivo baseado em dados informatizados de 155 doentes consecutivos com SAOS, enviados à consulta de Patologia Respiratória do Sono do Hospital de São João durante o ano de 2001.

Resultados – A maioria dos doentes estudados (83,2%) era do sexo masculino, a média de idades foi de 53,6±11,9 anos. Apresentavam SAOS grave 52,9% dos doentes, 20% moderada e 27,1% ligeira (Índice de Apneia Hipopneia-IAH médio de 35,2±23,8/hora).

Dos indivíduos em análise 52,3% apresentavam DCV, sendo a patologia mais prevalente (45,8%) a Hipertensão Arterial (HTA), seguida do Enfarte Agudo do Miocárdio (6,5%) e da Angina de Peito (3,9%). Obesidade (Índice de Massa Corporal-IMC> 30) estava presente em 67,1% dos indivíduos, sendo a média de IMC=33,1±6,34. Um grupo significativo (31%) de doentes apresentava Dislipidemia e 11% Diabetes mellitus. A maioria dos doentes (51,3%) apresentava hábitos tabágicos.

A gravidade da SAOS (avaliada pelo IAH) era significativamente superior nas mulheres com HTA e significativamente menor nos doentes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) (p=0,033 e p=0,036, respectivamente).

Conclusão – A população estudada de doentes com SAOS apresenta elevada prevalência de DCV, sendo a gravidade da SAOS significativamente superior nas mulheres com HTA. O aumento da prevalência de DCV em doentes com SAOS tem sido também documentada em estudos epidemiológicos recentes. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos subjacentes merecerão estudos mais detalhados no futuro.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2003; IX (4): 327-335

Palavras-Chave:
Síndroma de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono
Doença Cardiovascular
factor de risco
ABSTRACT

Introduction – Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is associated with adverse effects in cardiovascular physiology. Some studies have connected this pathology with Cardiovascular Disease (CVD).

Aim – Determine the prevalence of CVD in patients with OSA of different severity and verify the association between CVD and OSA.

Material and Methods – Retrospective study based on data from 155 consecutive patients with OSA referred to a Sleep Disordered Breathing Clinic in an University Hospital during the year of 2001.

Results – The majority of patients were male (83,2%), the mean age was 53,6±11,9years. Severe OSA was observed in 52,9% patients, moderate in 20% and mild in 27,1% patients (mean Apnea Hypopnea Index of 35,2±23,8/hour).

Among the studied individuals 52,3% showed CVD, being Arterial Hypertension (AH) the most common disease (45,8%). Acute Myocardial Infarction appeared in 6,5% and Angina in 3,9% cases. The majority of the patients (67,1%) were obese (Body Mass Index- BMI>30). The mean BMI was 33,1±6,34.

A significant (31%) number of patients reported Lipid Disorders and 11% reported Diabetes mellitus. The majority (51,3%) of patients referred smoking habits.

Severity of OSA (evaluated by AHI) was significantly higher in women with AH (p=0,033) and significantly lower in patients who developed Cerebrovascular Disease (CeVD) (p=0,036).

Conclusions – The studied population presented a high prevalence of CVD, being the severity of OSA significantly higher in women with AH. The increased prevalence of CVD in patients with OSA has been documented in recent epidemiologic studies. The physiopathologic mechanisms underlying this association, certainly, deserve further investigation.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2003; IX (4): 327-335

Key-words:
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Cardiovascular Disease
risk factor
Full text is only aviable in PDF
BIBLIOGRAFIA
[1.]
T. Young, P.E. Peppard, D.J. Gottlieb.
Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea- A population health perspective.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165 (2002), pp. 1217-1239
[2.]
E. Lindberg, T. Gislason.
Epidemiology of sleep-related obstructive breathing.
Sleep Med Rev, 4 (2000), pp. 411-433
[3.]
R.G.O. Davies, J.R. Stradling.
The epidemiology of sleep apnoea.
Thorax, 51 (1996), pp. s65-s70
[4.]
T. Young, M. Palta, J. Dempsey, J. Skatrud, S. Weber, S. Badr.
The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults.
N Engl J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1230-1235
[5.]
Y. Lacasse, C. Godbout, F. Sériès.
Independent validation of the sleep apnoea quality of life index.
Thorax, 57 (2002), pp. 483-488
[6.]
T. Akashiba, S. Kawahara, T. Akahoshi, C. Omori, O. Saito, T. Majima, T. Horie.
Relationship between quality of life and mood or depression in patients with severe Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Chest, 122 (2002), pp. 861-865
[7.]
S. Marti, G. Sampol, X. Muñoz, F. Torres, A. Roca, P. Lloberes, T. Sagalés, P. Quesada, F. Morell.
Mortality in severe apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome patients: impact of treatment.
Eur Respir J, 20 (2002), pp. 1511-1518
[8.]
E. Shahar, C.W. Whitney, S. Rdline, E.T. Lee, A.B. Newman, F.J. Nieto, G.T. O'Connor, L.L. Boland, J.E. Schwartz, J.M. Samet.
Sleep-disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disease- Cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 19-25
[9.]
A.A. El Solh, J. Mador, P. Sikka, R.S. Dhillon, D. Amsterdam, B. Grant.
Adhesion molecules in patients with Coronary Artery Disease and moderate-tosevere Obstructive Sleep Apnoea.
Chest, 121 (2002), pp. 1541-1547
[10.]
Nanduri Prabhakar.
Sleep Apnoeas- an oxidative stress?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165 (2002), pp. 859-860
[11.]
J.L. Gainer.
Hypoxia and atherosclerosis: re-evaluation of an old hypothesis.
Atherosclerosis, 68 (1987), pp. 263-266
[12.]
J.T. Carlson, J. Hedner, M. Elam, H. Ejnell, J. Sellgren, B.G. Wallin.
Augmented resting in sympathetic activity in awake patients with obstructive sleep Apnea.
Chest, 103 (1993), pp. 1763-1768
[13.]
K. Narkiewicz, P.J. Van de Borne, R.L. Cooley, M.E. Dyken, V.K. Somers.
Sympathetic activity in obese subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea.
Circulation, 98 (1998), pp. 772-776
[14.]
U.C. Guidry, L.A. Mendes, J.C. Evans, D. Levy, G.T. O'Connor, M.G. Larson, D.G. Gottlieb, E.J. Benjamin.
Echocardiographic features of the right heart in sleep-Disordered Breathing: the Framingham Heart Study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 933-938
[15.]
T.D. Bradley.
Right and left ventricular function impairment and sleep apnea.
Clin Chest Med, 13 (1992), pp. 459-479
[16.]
Jan Hedner, Ludger Grote.
The link between Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 5-6
[17.]
L. Grote, J. Hedner, J.H. Peter.
Sleep-related Breathing disorder is an independent risk factor for uncontrolled hypertension.
Journal of Hypertension, 18 (2000), pp. 679-685
[18.]
J.F. Nieto, T.B. Young, B.K. Lind, E. Shahar, J.M. Samet, S. Redline, R.B. D‘Ágostino, A.B. Newman, M.D. Lebowitz, T.G. Pickering.
Association of Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Sleep Apnea and Hypertension in a large community-based study.
Jama, 283 (2000), pp. 1829-1836
[19.]
P.E. Peppard, T. Young, M. Palta, J. Skatrud.
Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 1378-1384
[20.]
J. Hedner, B. Darpö, H. Ejnell, J. Carlson, K. Caidahl.
Reduction in sympathetic activity after long term CPAP treatment in sleep-apnoea: cardiovascular implications.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 222-229
[21.]
J.L. Kiely, W.T. Mcnicholas.
Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.
Eur Respir J, 16 (2000), pp. 128-133
[22.]
T. Mooe, K.A. Franklin, K. Holmström, T. Rabben, U. Wiklund.
Sleep-disordered Breathing and Coronary Artery Disease- Long term prognosis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 1910-1913
[23.]
Y. Peker, H. Kraiczi, J. Hedner, S. Löth, A. Johansson, M. Bende.
An independent association between obstructive sleep apnoea and coronary artery disease.
Eur Respir J, 14 (1999), pp. 179-184
[24.]
T. Mooe, K.A. Franklin, U. Wiklund, T. Rabben, K. Holmström.
Sleep-disordered Breathing and Myo cardial Ischemia in patients wiyh Coronary Artery Disease.
Chest, 117 (2000), pp. 1597-1602
[25.]
T. Mooe, T. Rabben, U. Wiklund, K.A. Franklin, P. Eriksson.
Sleep-disordered Breathing in men with Coronary Artery Disease.
Chest, 109 (1996), pp. 659-663
[26.]
D.D. Sin, F. Fitzgerald, J.D. Parker, G. Newton, J.S. Floras, T.D. Bradley.
Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with Congestive Heart Failure.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 1101-1106
[27.]
A.B. Newman, F.J. Nieto, U. Guidry, B.K. Lind, S. Redline, T.G. Pickering, S.F. Quan.
Relation of Sleep-disordered Breathing to Cardiovascular Disease risk factors: the Sleep Heart Health Study.
Am J Epidemiol, 154 (2001), pp. 50-59
[28.]
Peker Yüksel, J. Hedner, J. Norum, H. Kraiczi, J. Carlson.
Increased incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in middle-aged men with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-a 7 year follow-up.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166 (2002), pp. 159-165
[29.]
S.P.I.P. Mary, L.A.M. Bing, M.T.N.G. Mathew, L.A.M. Wah kit, W.T. Tsang Kenneth, Sllam Karen.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165 (2002), pp. 670-676
[30.]
T. Young, P.E. Peppard, D.J. Gottlieb.
Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea- A population health perspec tive.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165 (2002), pp. 1217-1239
[31.]
A. Rechtschaffen, A. Kales.
A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects.
Brain information Service/ Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, (1968),
[32.]
A.G. Dean, J.A. Dean, D. Coulombier.
Epi Info Version 6: a word processing, database and statistics program for epidemiology in microcomputers.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (1994),
[33.]
S.T. Leung Richard, Douglas Bradley.
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease- State of the Art.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 2147-2165
[34.]
S. Redline, T. Tosteson, M.A. Boucher, R.P. Millman.
Measurement of sleep-related breathing disturbances in epidemiologic studies- assessment of the validity andreproducibility of a portable monitoring device.
Chest, 100 (1991), pp. 1281-1286
[35.]
H.A. Emsellem, W.A. Corson, B.A. Rappaport, S. Hackett, L.G. Smith, J.N. Hausfeld.
Verification of sleep apnea using a portable sleep apnea screening device.
South Med J, 83 (1990), pp. 748-752
[36.]
S. Lord, B. Sawyer, D. O'Connell, D. Pond, A. Eyland, A. Mant.
Night-to-night variability of disturbed breathing during sleep in an elderly community sample.
Sleep, 14 (1991), pp. 252-258
Copyright © 2003. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia/SPP
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?