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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been recommended that cardiorespiratory fitness &#40;CRF&#41; should be considered as a vital sign in cardiovascular health assessment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The gold standard for CRF expression is the maximum oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; obtained at the end of a cardiorespiratory exercise testing &#40;CPET&#41;&#46; In low-resource environments&#44; submaximal and field exercise tests or even CRF estimates should be implemented&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Despite consistent evidence on its relevance&#44; the CRF evaluation has not yet been incorporated as a routine test for cardiovascular risk assessment in clinical practice&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Field tests are performed when neither sophisticated equipment for direct assessment of V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> nor human resources with a high level of training are available&#46; Among the most appropriate field tests for individuals at higher cardiovascular risk and controlled chronic diseases is the six-minute walk test &#40;6MWT&#41;&#46; The 6MWT has been validated in several populations&#44; including asymptomatic individuals&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and a 6MWT distance has been proven to adequately predict the V&#729; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> obtained in the laboratory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> This characteristic makes the 6MWT a simple and less costly CRF assessment tool&#46; In addition&#44; this test is more representative of activities of daily living than other walking tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tables of normalcy and specific V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> prediction equations could facilitate the use of CRF assessment as a routine test for screening cardiovascular risk in clinical practice&#46; Accordingly&#44; simple field tests that require minimal resources to be performed and equations for the prediction of V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> are essential for the inclusion of CRF evaluation in different clinical settings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We hypothesized that the 6MWT is valid for classifying CRF compared to the gold standard &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;&#44; thereby appropriately identifying adults with low CRF&#46; Accordingly&#44; we aimed to develop a CRF classification table using the 6MWT distance in asymptomatic adults considering the treadmill V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> as the gold-standard criterion&#46; We also evaluated age- and sex-related changes in CRF and the correlation between the 6MWT distance and V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Sample and recruitment</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eligible participants were adults over the age of 18 years with no evidence of a self-reported previous medical diagnosis of cardiopulmonary disease&#44; locomotor disorders&#44; electrocardiographic abnormalities at rest or on exertion&#44; or other problems that prevented them from performing physical exercises safely&#46; We recruited participants through social networks&#44; posters at regional universities&#44; and local print media&#46; We excluded participants who presented with spirometry suggesting obstructive ventilatory disturbance &#40;forced expiratory volume in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#91;FEV1&#93;&#47;forced vital capacity &#91;FVC&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;75&#41;&#44; who had severe arrhythmias at rest that could potentially be lethal during CPET&#44; and who presented signs and&#47;or symptoms and stress electrocardiography suggestive of myocardial ischemia&#46; The results suggesting poor effort or operational problems during the CPET were excluded from the study&#46; The ethics committee of our university approved this study &#40;&#35;186&#46;796&#41;&#46; All participants signed an informed consent form prior to participation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Clinical and sociodemographic evaluation</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline assessments included participants&#39; age&#44; sex&#44; and the presence of self-reported main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases&#44; including older age &#40;&#8805;45 years for men and &#8805;55 years for women&#41;&#44; systemic arterial hypertension&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; current smoking habits&#44; medication use&#44; and a family history of premature coronary heart disease&#46; We also assessed the participants&#8217; physical activity level in daily life using validated triaxial accelerometers &#40;ActiGraph GT3X&#43;&#44; MTI&#44; Pensacola&#44; FL&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> as previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The participants completed seven consecutive days of assessment during waking hours&#46; To be considered valid&#44; it was necessary to have at least ten hours of continuous monitoring&#44; starting from the moment of awakening&#46; The participants used the accelerometer until bedtime&#44; except during the shower and aquatic activities&#46; We considered physically inactive participants to be those with less than 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or less than 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of vigorous physical activity per week&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Anthropometric assessment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body mass and height were measured on a calibrated digital scale with a stadiometer &#40;Toledo Prix 2096PP&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; We calculated the body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; in kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and defined obesity as a BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; We also measured waist and hip circumferences with a non-extensible tape using previously standardized methods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Spirometry</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A forced vital capacity maneuver with a calibrated spirometer &#40;Quark PFT&#44; COSMED&#44; Pavonadi Albano&#44; Italy&#41; was performed according to the criteria established by the American Thoracic Society&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> We quantified the FEV1&#44; FVC&#44; and FEV1&#47;FVC ratio&#46; For those who had FEV1&#47;FVC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7 on pre-bronchodilator spirometry&#44; we conducted forced spirometry 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after the patient inhaled 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g of salbutamol&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following a ramp protocol&#44; we performed CPET on a treadmill &#40;ATL&#44; Inbrasport&#44; Curitiba&#44; Brazil&#41;&#44; with individualized speed and inclination increases based on the estimated V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Metabolic&#44; cardiovascular&#44; and ventilatory responses were measured breath-by-breath using a gas analyzer &#40;Quark PFT&#44; COSMED&#44; Italy&#41;&#46; We performed the same altitude&#44; atmospheric pressure&#44; and temperature tests&#44; and a cardiologist supervised all the tests&#46; Oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; breath-by-breath was measured and the average V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was calculated every 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; The arithmetic average of V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in the last 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s at the end of the test&#44; just before the recovery phase&#44; was considered representative of V&#729; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; Maximum effort was defined as a maximum heart rate above 85&#37; of the predicted value &#40;220 &#8211; age<span class="elsevierStyleInf">years</span>&#41; and gas exchange rate &#40;V&#729;CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#47; V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;0&#46; CPET was conducted with continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Six-minute walk test</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed the 6MWT according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Since the literature suggests no learning effect of the 6MWT in apparently healthy individuals&#44; we conducted only one test in the present study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> We instructed individuals to walk the maximum distance possible for six minutes on a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m long&#44; flat&#44; and straight corridor indoors&#46; Two traffic cones indicated the route&#44; and the hallway was marked every 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#46; Standardized instructions and verbal encouragement were provided to the participants every minute&#46; We registered the 6MWT distance in meters and the percentage of the predicted values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a descriptive analysis of the data presented as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables&#46; We compared the results of men and women using the Student&#39;s t-test for independent samples &#40;continuous variables&#41; and the x<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test &#40;categorical variables&#41;&#46; We also evaluated the best-fit correlation between 6MWT distance and V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; linear&#44; exponential&#44; and quadratic&#44; using the statistical package curve estimation tool&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We determined age- and sex-related changes in V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> and 6MWT distance using box plot graphs&#44; wherein we calculated the average decline per decade &#40;18&#8211;29&#44; 30&#8211;39&#44; 40&#8722;49&#44; 50&#8211;59&#44; 60&#8722;80 years&#41; and sex-related differences were calculated&#46; We evaluated the interaction between sex and age using a two-way analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; considering the aforementioned age groups and sex as factors&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics were used to elaborate tables of norms for V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> and 6MWT distance&#46; We calculated the median of the values &#40;50th percentile&#41; and the 5th&#44; 25th&#44; 75th&#44; and 95th percentiles&#44; representing very low&#44; low&#44; regular&#44; good&#44; excellent&#44; and superior CRF&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">So that our results could be used in other countries&#44; we developed a CRF classification based on the 6MWT distance&#44; expressed as a percentage of the predicted value&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> was used as the gold standard criterion to develop ROC curves&#44; in which we identified the 6MWT distance with the best combination of sensitivity and specificity to predict the classification of V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; We calculated the areas under the ROC curves and considered those with values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;80 as excellent and those with values between 0&#46;70 and 0&#46;80 as good&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The other values were deemed inadequate&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The probability of alpha error was set at 5&#37; for all analyses&#46; Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software&#44; version 14&#44; and MedCalc software&#44; version 19&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In total&#44; 1525 participants were assessed for eligibility&#44; and 1517 met the inclusion criteria&#46; Of these&#44; 1447 participants completed all of the assessments&#46; After exclusion&#44; the results of 1295 men and women aged from 18 to 80 years were analyzed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participants were predominantly women &#40;60&#37;&#41;&#46; On average&#44; they were middle-aged and overweight&#46; Women showed a higher cardiovascular risk than men &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The proportion of accelerometer-based physical inactivity was lower &#40;30&#37;&#41; than that described for the general population&#46; The participants used the accelerometer for 884<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#47;day&#46; The percentages of total time spent in sedentary behavior&#44; light physical activity&#44; and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were 73&#37;&#44; 22&#37;&#44; and 5&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the age groups of 18&#8211;29&#44; 30&#8211;39&#44; 40&#8722;49&#44; 50&#8211;59&#44; 60&#8211;69&#44; and 70&#8211;80 years&#44; V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> declined with advancing age per decade in men by 9&#46;2&#37;&#44; 8&#46;7&#37;&#44; 8&#46;8&#37;&#44; 8&#46;1&#37;&#44; and 8&#46;8&#37;&#44; and women by 9&#46;4&#37;&#44; 8&#46;7&#37;&#44; 7&#46;8&#37;&#44; 9&#46;4&#37;&#44; 8&#46;2&#37;&#44; both averaging 8&#46;7&#37; per decade&#46; There was a significant interaction between age and sex&#44; with V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> always being significantly higher for men&#46; However&#44; such differences decreased progressively with advancing age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the 6MWT distance in the age groups 18&#8211;29&#44; 30&#8211;39&#44; 40&#8722;49&#44; 50&#8211;59&#44; 60&#8211;69&#44; and 70&#8211;80 years&#44; the decline per decade was 9&#46;8&#37;&#44; 9&#46;5&#37;&#44; 9&#46;1&#37;&#44; 9&#46;5&#37; and 8&#46;8&#37; for women and 9&#46;9&#37;&#44; 9&#46;4&#37;&#44; 9&#46;5&#37;&#44; 9&#46;9&#37;&#44; and 9&#46;2&#37; for men&#46; On average&#44; the 6MWT distance declined by 9&#46;3&#37; and 9&#46;5&#37; per decade for women and men&#44; respectively&#46; Unlike V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; we observed an interaction between sex and age with considerable differences between men and women with advancing age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 6MWT distance showed a significant correlation with V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; best explained by an exponential equation&#44; with an evident ceiling effect for participants with a higher V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46; The 6MWT distance alone explained approximately 55&#37; of the total V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> variability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We stratified the CRF classification table as very low&#44; low&#44; regular&#44; good&#44; excellent&#44; and superior considering a balanced proportion of participants in the age groups of 18&#8722;27&#44; 28&#8722;34&#44; 35&#8722;42&#44; 43&#8722;51&#44; 52&#8722;59&#44; and 60&#8722;80 years&#44; according to V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; and 6MWT distance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of the predicted 6MWT distance showed excellent ability to predict very low CRF&#44; considering the CRF classification obtained using V&#729; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> as the gold standard&#46; It was also able to predict low&#44; excellent&#44; and superior CRF well&#44; although it could not differentiate between regular and good CRF &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Based on the cut-off values obtained through ROC curves&#44; we classified the CRF based on the 6MWT distance as a percentage of the predicted &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the first study to formulate CRF classification tables using the 6MWT distance rather than the gold standard &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;&#46; We present CRF classification tables based on a simple&#44; valid&#44; reliable&#44; reproducible&#44; and responsive field test to express CRF&#46; The 6MWT distance classification was valid for mainly identifying individuals with low CRF&#46; Our results will allow a more straightforward screening of cardiovascular risk in the clinical setting&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 6MWT can be performed in corridors as short as 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#44; and&#44; in case of mild outdoor temperature&#44; outdoors&#44; which opens up varying prospects for using the 6MWT in clinical practice as a routine strategy&#46; We observed that the relationship between the 6MWT distance and V&#729; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> was not linear&#46; Our results indicate what has already been described as a ceiling effect&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; after a certain distance&#44; minimal increases in the 6MWT distance are associated with substantial changes in V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Therefore&#44; we believe that our research meets the current AHA recommendations regarding the importance of routinely assessing and improving CRF in the clinical setting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the most relevant results of the present study was the creation of a CRF classification table based on the 6MWT distance&#44; facilitating the interpretation of CRF assessments via field tests in different clinical settings&#46; Normal values were calculated and ROC curves were used to validate our data valid for identifying people with different CRF classifications&#46; Therefore&#44; if the 6MWT distance is expressed as a percentage of the predicted value&#44; we may assume that our results will be valid internationally&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the AHA&#39;s recommendations on the importance of identifying people with low CRF to prevent cardiovascular diseases&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> our study makes it possible to estimate and interpret CRF in a straightforward&#44; inexpensive&#44; and effective way for clinical practice&#46; We identified&#44; with excellent sensitivity and specificity&#44; very low CRF&#46; In addition&#44; we verified that a 6MWT distance &#60;96&#37; is a critical point for identifying individuals with CRF below the normal range&#46; Sperandio et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> obtained the same cut-off point to identify physically inactive individuals evaluated using accelerometers&#46; These results indicate that a 6MWT distance below 96&#37; is equally crucial for identifying low physical activity levels and fitness levels&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several equations to predict the 6MWT distance in our population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;24</span></a> Britto et al&#46;&#8217;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> equation has been suggested as the most suitable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> However&#44; we have been using the equation proposed by Iwama et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> for several years&#46; In addition to not offering significantly different results&#44; both for healthy individuals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> and patients with chronic lung disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> the equation proposed by Iwama et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> has some advantages&#46; First&#44; due to its adequate cross-validation performed in another research center with different researchers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Second&#44; information on physical activity levels was evaluated using a validated instrument&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Third&#44; the equation was developed for adults of a wide age range &#40;18&#8211;84 years&#41;&#46; Lastly&#44; we calculated the 6MWT distance values obtained in the present study as the percentage of the predicted values using the equations of Brito et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> and Iwama et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> resulting in a difference of only 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#37; between the equations&#44; which would hardly compromise the interpretation of the data described here&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We assessed the age- and sex-related changes in the 6MWT distance in adults over a wide age range sample size&#46; The decline in V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> per decade found in the present study is very consistent with that previously described in Brazil and other countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;32</span></a> Our results also reinforce previous data&#44; indicating a decrease in CRF across the lifespan irrespective of sex&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Even so&#44; the sex-related differences in CRF seem to be more pronounced earlier in life and begin to narrow in older adults&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike V&#729; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; for which sex-related differences decreased with advancing age&#44; the 6MWT distance showed differences between men and women progressively increasing with advancing age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#8211;32</span></a> Advanced age compromises the levels of anabolic hormones and the number of type II muscle fibers&#44; more pronounced than in young men&#46; Considering that the CPET is a maximal test&#44; it requires the recruitment of fast-twitch motor units during a significant part of the test&#44; justifying the lower advantage of men in the most advanced age groups&#46; On the other hand&#44; the 6MWT is a submaximal test that requires much less contribution from type II muscle fibers&#46; The dynamic V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> behavior during the 6MWT is monoexponential&#44; with a tendency to stabilize after the third minute of the test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;24&#44;34</span></a> Thus&#44; the most considerable differences between men and women in older age occurred because 6MWT is performed mainly with oxidative metabolism in energy production&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have developed predictive models for V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> using non-exercise variables&#46; In summary&#44; these studies showed that regardless of the standard error of the estimate described&#44; the models improved the prediction of cardiovascular risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Therefore&#44; considering the standard error of the exponential equation that we have proposed here to estimate V &#775;O2max based on the 6MWT distance&#44; we believe that our results will be beneficial for routine CRF assessment in clinical practice&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has practical implications for health&#46; First&#44; the normality tables for the 6MWT can help assess and monitor CRF in the general population and patients with chronic diseases&#44; improving overall cardiovascular risk screening&#46; The strength of this study is that it provides a CRF classification table using a simple field walking test compared to a treadmill ramp protocol CPET in the Brazilian population&#46; Further&#44; despite its development in a specific population&#44; we defined the CRF classification using 6MWT distance as &#37; predicted&#44; which opens up the opportunity to use our results internationally&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As limitations&#44; we could cite the cross-sectional design as one of them&#44; mainly considering the age- and sex-related changes in V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> and 6MWT distance&#46; However&#44; it should be recognized that the decline mentioned above obtained in longitudinal investigations may introduce bias from the loss of participants with lower levels of physical activity and fitness to follow-up&#46; While the convenience sample could be a limitation&#44; our main objective was to elaborate tables for CRF classifications&#59; thus&#44; the broad range of physical activity and fitness level becomes a potential instead&#46; In addition&#44; our sample&#39;s sociodemographic characteristics are quite similar to those of the general population in Brazil&#44; apart from the level of education&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that the classification of CRF using the 6MWT distance is valid compared to the directly evaluated CRF &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41;&#44; especially for identifying adults with low CRF&#46; Altogether&#44; our results could be used in clinical practice to better screen and monitor cardiovascular risk in adults in the general population and in patients with chronic diseases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Author contributions</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VD is the guarantor of the study and takes responsibility for the accuracy of the data&#46; VD and RN played the most crucial roles in this study and were responsible for study design and conception&#44; statistical analysis&#44; interpretation of the results&#44; drafting&#44; writing&#44; and submission of the manuscript&#46; MS&#44; VL&#44; AG&#44; MR&#44; and RA contributed to the study&#39;s conception and design&#44; data collection&#44; interpretation of the results contributed to drafting the article and critically revised it for relevant intellectual content&#46; RA also contributed to exercise test supervision and was the main factor responsible for granting our participants&#39; safety&#46; ST and IG contributed to interpreting the results&#44; article drafting&#44; and critical revisions for prominent intellectual content&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0005">S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation &#40;FAPESP&#41;</span> granted this project &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">2011&#47;07282-6</span>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">2018&#47;11817-1</span>&#59; and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0005">2018&#47;21536-0</span>&#41;&#59; however&#44; it did not influence the interpretation of the results and conclusions obtained in the present study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-12-17"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Walking"
            1 => "OV&#729;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>"
            2 => "6MWT"
            3 => "Cardiovascular risk"
            4 => "Reference values"
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "abr"
          "titulo" => "Abbreviations"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1437413"
          "palabras" => array:8 [
            0 => "AHA"
            1 => "CRF"
            2 => "V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>"
            3 => "CPET"
            4 => "6MWT"
            5 => "FEV1"
            6 => "FVC"
            7 => "V&#729;CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>"
          ]
        ]
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The six-minute walk test &#40;6MWT&#41; distance could facilitate the assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness &#40;CRF&#41; in clinical practice as recommended&#46; We aimed to develop a CRF classification using the 6MWT distance in asymptomatic adults considering the treadmill maximum oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; as the gold standard method&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We evaluated V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> and 6MWT distance in 1295 asymptomatic participants aged 18&#8211;80 years &#40;60&#37; women&#41;&#46; Age- and sex-related CRF was classified based on the percentiles as very low &#40;&#60;5th percentile&#41;&#44; low &#40;5th&#8211;25th percentile&#41;&#44; regular &#40;26th&#8211;50th percentile&#41;&#44; good &#40;51st&#8211;75th percentile&#41;&#44; excellent &#40;76th&#8211;95th percentile&#41;&#44; and superior &#40;&#62;95th percentile&#41; for both V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> and 6MWT distance&#46; We investigated the 6MWT distance cut-off &#40;&#37;pred&#46;&#41; with the highest sensitivity and specificity for identifying each V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> classification&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span> declined by 8&#46;7&#37; per decade in both men and women&#46; The 6MWT distance declined by 9&#46;3&#37; per decade in women and 9&#46;5&#37; in men&#46; We formulated age- and sex-related classification tables for CRF using the 6MWT distance&#46; Moreover&#44; the 6MWT distance &#40;&#37;pred&#46;&#41; showed excellent ability to identify very low CRF &#40;6MWT distance &#8804; 96&#37;&#59; AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;819&#41; and good ability to differentiate CRF as low &#40;6MWT distance<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>97&#37;&#8211;103&#37;&#59; AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;735&#41;&#44; excellent &#40;6MWT distance<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>107&#37;&#8211;109&#37;&#59; AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;715&#41;&#44; or superior &#40;6MWT distance<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>109&#37;&#59; AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;790&#41;&#46; It was not possible to differentiate between participants with regular and good CRF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The CRF classification by the 6MWT distance is valid in comparison with V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#44; especially for identifying adults with low CRF&#46; It could be useful in clinical practice for screening and monitoring the cardiorespiratory risk in adults&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Victor Zuniga Dourado and Renata Kan Nishiaka played the same and most important roles in this paper from the design&#44; data collection&#44; data analysis and interpretation&#44; and writing and final version approval&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of the study&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Age- and sex-related changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in the studied sample&#46; Maximum oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; declined with advancing age&#44; per decade&#44; in men &#40;9&#46;2&#59; 8&#46;7&#59; 8&#46;8&#59; 8&#46;1&#59; and 8&#46;8&#37;&#41; and women &#40;9&#46;4&#59; 8&#46;7&#59; 7&#46;8&#59; 9&#46;4&#59; 8&#46;2&#37;&#41; with a significant interaction between sex and age&#44; indicating reduction of the difference with aging &#40;A&#41;&#46; The distance covered in the six-minute walk test declined by 9&#46;8&#44; 9&#46;5&#44; 9&#46;1&#44; 9&#46;5 and 8&#46;8&#37; for women and 9&#46;9&#44; 9&#46;4&#44; 9&#46;5&#44; 9&#46;9 and 9&#46;2&#37; for men with a significant interaction between sex and age&#44; indicating increased difference with aging&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation between the distance covered in the six-minute walk test and maximum oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; obtained in the cardiopulmonary exercise test &#40;R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;548&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Receiver operational curves &#40;ROC&#41; for assessing the sensitivity and specificity of the distance covered in the six-minute walk test to identify individuals with the following percentiles of cardiorespiratory fitness classification&#58; very low &#40;A&#41;&#44; &#60; 5th&#59; low &#40;B&#41;&#44; 5th to 25th&#59; excellent &#40;C&#41;&#44; 76th to 95th&#59; and superior &#40;D&#41; &#62; 95th&#44; according to the maximum oxygen uptake obtained in the treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test&#46;</p> <p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AUC&#58; area under the ROC curve&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lean body mass &#40;&#37; of total&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fat body mass &#40;kg&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fat body mass &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FVC &#40;L&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FVC &#40;&#37; pred&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FEV1 &#40;L&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FEV1 &#40;&#37; pred&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">FEV1&#47;FVC &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cardiovascular risk&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">265 &#40;34&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">126 &#40;24&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">162 &#40;20&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54 &#40;10&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diabetes mellitus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">88 &#40;11&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;4&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dyslipidemia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">224 &#40;28&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74 &#40;14&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Current smoking&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">96 &#40;12&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;9&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Physical inactivity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#35;&#44;&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">192 &#40;24&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">103 &#40;20&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Superior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Males&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of cardiorespiratory fitness for men and women based on maximum oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; obtained directly in a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill following a ramp protocol&#46;</p>"
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            "identificador" => "at0035"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42;According to the percentiles found&#58; very low&#44; &#60;5th&#59; low&#44; 5th to 25th&#59; regular&#44; 26th to 50th&#59; good&#44; 51st to 75th&#59; excellent&#44; 76th to 95th&#59; higher &#62;95th&#46; Six-minute walk distance values presented in meters&#46;</p>"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.022"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Prev Med"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "numero" => "3"
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        "identificador" => "xack566024"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We dedicate this work to Dr&#46; Ant&#244;nio Ricardo de Toledo Gagliardi &#40;in memoriam&#41;&#44; who passed away after carrying out this research&#46; Dr&#46; Gagliardi was an extremely competent endocrinologist and researcher&#46; During the last ten years&#44; his partnership was a cornerstone for the quality of the research carried out at the Loboratory of Epidemiology and Human Movement &#40;EPIMOV&#41; at UNIFESP&#46; We thank the Angiocorpore Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine &#40;Santos&#44; Brazil&#41; for providing the infrastructure needed to conduct cardiopulmonary exercise tests&#44; including physician supervision&#46; We would also like to thank all the students&#47;researchers&#44; and personnel from the lab for their professional assistance with data collection&#46;</p>"
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