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Vol. 2. Issue 4 - 5.
Pages 277-296 (July - October 1996)
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Vol. 2. Issue 4 - 5.
Pages 277-296 (July - October 1996)
PONTO DA SITUAÇÃO
Open Access
Broncoscopia de intervenção
Visits
4782
V. Hespanhol, J. Agostinho Marques
S. Pneumologia - H.S. João-Porto
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RESUMO

A broncoscopia tem-se tornado nos últimos quinze anos um elemento indispensável na investigação diagnostica, tratamento e vigilância dos doentes com patologia do foro respiratório. Os avanços constantes da técnica utilizada na construçáo de aparelhos mais fáceis de manusear e mais toleráveis pelos doentes, a segurança dos métodos anestésicos tanto em anestesia local como na geral, têm permitido uma generalizaçáo impensável deste meio de diagnóstico e (cada vez mais) terapêutico. Além das situaçóes tradicionais a broncoscopia e em especial a broncofibroscopia têm vindo a ser utilizadas cada vez mais frequentemente nas unidades de cuidados intensivos em situações associadas com insuficiência respiratória grave em doentes ventilados na resolução de atelectasias ou na identificação etiológica de infecções respiratórias. Também nos imunocomprometidos tém sido importantes utilizadores da broncofibroscopia no diagnóstico de infecções respiratórias em neutropénicos e nos doentes com sindroma de imunodeficiência adquirida.

Neste trabalho pretendemos dar uma visão abrangente sobre as indicações, técnicas de execução, resultados e complicações da broncoscopia no tratamento de doenças da árvore tráqueo-brônquica. lncluimos neste trabalho a metodologia terapêutica da extracção de corpos estranhos inalados acidentalmente, nomeadamente em crianças, da correcção de estenoses benignas da traqueia e do tratamento de obstruções tráqueo-brônquicas de causa neoplásica. O cancro do pulmão dadas as suas características de envolvimento da traqueia, brônquios e tecidos envolventes causa frequentemente a sua obstrução ventilatória. Esta situação necessita frequentemente de tratamento local que deverá ser considerado parte integrante do tratamento global do cancro do pulmão. Descrevcm-se várias modalidades terapêuticas incluindo a desobstrução instrumental com broncoscópio rigido, os meios térmicos para destruição dos tumores (crioterapia, electrocautério, laser), a braquiterapia e a inserção de próteses.

Conclui-se que sendo o cancro do pulmão a causa mais frequente de obstrução tráqueo-brônquica, a terapêutica local deverá ser integrada com todos os tratamentos disponiveis na abordagem terapêutica global desta neoplasia, promovendo a qualidade e a quantidade de vida.

ABSTRACT

Bronchoscopy became over the last fifteen years a mainstream in the diagnostic investigation, treatment and follow up of the patients with respiratory diseases. The advances in technology make the procedures more easy and tolerable by patients. The safety of the local and general anesthesia, became more and more generalized the use of this diagnostic and (much more) therapeutical mean. Furthermore the traditional indications of bronchoscopy, mainly the fiberoptic bron-choscotpy has been performed more and more frequently in intensive care units on managing respiratory insuficient patients dealing with the treatment of atelectasis and with diagnostic of respiratory infections. The diagnosis of respiratory infections in imunocompromised a very frequent indication to performe fiberoptic bronchoscopy, manly in neutropenic and in acquired imunodeticient syndrome patients. In this work we intend to give an extended view about the indications, execution thechnics, results and complications of bronchoscopy in the treatment of the diseases involving the tracheo-bronchial tract We include the therapeutical methodology of accidentaly inhaled foreign bodies extraction, manly in children, the correction of benign tracheal stenosis and the treatment of tracheo-bronchial neoplasic obstructions. Lung cancer given their growing pathern frequently involve trachea, bronchis and the neighboring tissues causing ventilatory difficulties. This situation needs many times local treatment that must be integrated in the global lung cancer treatment strategy. We describe various therapeutical modalities including instrumental desobstrucsing with rigid bronchoscope, thermical means to destructing the tumour (cryotherapy, electrocautery, laser), brachitherapy and stents insertion.

We conclude, as the lung cancer is the main cause of tracheo-bronchial obstruction, local therapy must be integrated with global lung cancer management in order to improve life quality and quantity.

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