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Vol. 23. Issue 5.
Pages 280-286 (September - October 2017)
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Vol. 23. Issue 5.
Pages 280-286 (September - October 2017)
Original article
Open Access
The frequency of lung cancer in patients with pulmonary hamartomas: An evaluation of clinical, radiological, and pathological features and follow-up data of 96 patients with pulmonary hamartomas
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G.H. Ekincia,
Corresponding author
gulbanuh@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, O. Hacıömeroğlua, A. Ersevb, L. Alpayc, H. Özgena, A. Yılmaza
a Department of Pulmonology, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Maltepe, İstanbul, Turkey
b Department of Pathology, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Maltepe, İstanbul, Turkey
c Department of Thoracic Surgery, Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Maltepe, İstanbul, Turkey
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Characteristics of the hamartoma patients without any malignancy.
Table 2. Features of the hamartoma patients with previous malignancies.
Table 3a. The clinical, radiological, and pathological features of the hamartoma patients with concomitant malignancies.
Table 3b. Stage, treatment, and outcome of the patients with concomitant malignancies.
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Abstract
Purpose

To investigate the frequency of lung cancer in patients with pulmonary hamartomas and to evaluate clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics of pulmonary hamartomas.

Basic procedures

We reviewed pathology records of pulmonary hamartomas diagnosed between 2003 and 2014. Medical records and the hospital electronic database were also reviewed for each patient to obtain clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics of pulmonary hamartomas and accompanying malignancies.

Main findings

Ninety-six patients with pulmonary hamartomas were identified. There were 26 females (27%) and 70 males (73%), with a mean age of 56.2 years (range 22–87 years). Malignancies were detected in 23 patients (24%), which developed previously in five patients (1 synchronous, 4 metachronous lesions), and concomitantly in 18 patients (with origin from the lung in 17 patients and from the pleura in 1 patient).

Principal conclusions

Our results show that patients with pulmonary hamartomas may have coexisting lung malignancies.

Keywords:
Hamartoma
Lung neoplasms
Diagnosis
Full Text
Introduction

The term hamartoma was first introduced by Albrecht in 1904 to describe lesions that contain an abnormal mixture of tissue elements or an abnormal proportion of a single element, normally present in an organ. While hamartoma was initially considered a development malformation, it is now classified as a true benign mesenchymal tumor, consisting of cartilage, fat, fibromyxoid connective tissue, smooth muscle, and bone.1,2 Hamartomas can occur in any organ or region. Pulmonary hamartoma is the most common benign tumor of the lung, accounting for 3% of all lung tumors.3 Its incidence was found as 0.025% and 0.32% in two large autopsy-based studies.4

There have been many reports suggesting an association between hamartoma and malignancy,5–10 and the likelihood of its malignant transformation to carcinoma or sarcoma.5–7 The risk for lung cancer in pulmonary hamartoma patients was estimated to be 6.3 times as high as that expected for the general population after adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity.8 Additionally, patients with pulmonary hamartomas can develop synchronous or metachronous lung cancers.9,10 The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of lung cancer in patients with pulmonary hamartomas and to evaluate clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics of pulmonary hamartomas accompanied by lung cancer.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study was conducted at Süreyyapaşa Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey, after being approved by the scientific committee of our institute. A comprehensive review of pathology records was made for pulmonary hamartomas diagnosed between 2003 and 2014, which yielded a total of 97 patients. All histologic slides were re-examined by a pathologist experienced in thoracic pathology to re-confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary hamartomas. One patient whose diagnosis could not be confirmed was excluded from the study. Thus, the study included 96 patients with pulmonary hamartomas.

Medical records and the hospital electronic database were reviewed for each patient and a standardized data-collection form was used to collect the following information: gender, age at diagnosis, history of smoking, medical history, the presence of malignancies (previous, concurrent), symptoms, radiological and imaging findings, location and size of hamartomas, findings of preoperative diagnostic investigations, duration between diagnosis of malignancy and pulmonary hamartoma, malignancy staging, treatment modalities, histologic features, duration of follow-up, and outcome. Follow-up information included data till January 2015.

Results

Of 96 patients with pulmonary hamartomas, 26 (27%) were females and 70 (73%) were males, with a female-to-male ratio of 1:2.7. The mean age was 56.2 years (range 22–87 years). Only one patient was younger than 30 years. Sixty-one patients (63.5%) were between 30 and 60 years and 34 patients (35.4%) were older than 60 years. With respect to smoking, 62 patients (64.6%) were smokers (mean 41.2 pack-years), and 34 (35.4%) had never smoked.

At presentation, 27 patients (28%) were symptom-free, while the remaining 69 patients (72%) had pulmonary and/or constitutional symptoms. The presenting symptoms were cough (n=27), chest pain (n=26), dyspnea (n=23), hemoptysis (n=10), fever (n=7), sputum production (n=5), and constitutional symptoms (n=7). The duration of symptoms ranged from 4 days to 1 year.

Chest X-ray examination was performed in all patients, which showed abnormal findings in all but three patients. Eighteen patients also had findings associated with concomitant malignancies. All patients underwent computed tomography and bronchoscopic examinations. The diagnoses of pulmonary hamartomas were established via bronchoscopic biopsies in 19 patients, computed tomography-guided transthoracic fine-needle aspiration in three patients, and surgical biopsies in 74 patients. A single hamartoma was found in 93 patients (97%) which was located in the right lung in 54 patients (58%) and in the left lung in 39 patients (42%). Three patients (3%) had multiple hamartomas, with two patients having two hamartomas in the right and left lungs, and one patient having three hamartomas in the same lobe. The hamartomas were parenchymal in 72 patients (75%) and endobronchial in 24 patients (25%). The mean diameter of pulmonary hamartomas was 22.2mm (range 3mm–100mm).

There was no evidence for malignancy in 73 patients (76%) including 50 males and 23 females, with a mean age of 53.9 years (range 22–76 years). Data on these patients are summarized in Table 1. Of these, 44 patients (60.3%) were smokers and 50 patients (68.5%) were symptomatic at presentation. The most common radiological pattern was a solitary pulmonary nodule, followed by a solitary mass. Seventy patients (95.9%) had a single hamartoma and three patients (4.1%) had multiple hamartomas. The hamartomas were parenchymal in 52 patients (71.2%) and endobronchial in 21 patients (28.8%). The diameter of pulmonary hamartomas ranged from 6mm to 100mm (mean 25.4mm). 18Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) was performed in 28 patients. Maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) ranged from ametabolic to 9.7. Of 73 patients without malignancies, four patients rejected treatment. Endobronchial treatment was performed in nine patients, including rigid forceps (n=3), cryotherapy (n=3), electrocautery (n=2), and argon plasma coagulation (n=1). Sixty patients underwent surgical treatment which included wedge resection (n=26), extirpation (n=14), lobectomy (n=11), enucleation (n=4), bronchotomy (n=3), and segmentectomy (n=2). Sixty-five patients (89%) were followed for a mean duration of 67.1 months (range 4–131 months). None of these patients had evidence of recurrence or developed subsequent malignancies.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the hamartoma patients without any malignancy.

Features  n 
No. of patients  73  76 
Male  50  68.5 
Female  23  31.5 
Age
<30 years  1.5 
30–60 years  51  69.9 
>60 years  21  28.8 
Mean age (range) years  53.9 (22–76)   
Smoking
Present  44  60.3 
Absent  29  39.7 
Mean duration  36.5 (10–90) pack-year   
Radiological findings
Normal  4.1 
Nodule  44  60.3 
Mass  12  16.4 
Consolidation  8.2 
Multiple pulmonary nodules  4.1 
Atelectasis  4.1 
Nodule and atelectasis  1.4 
Mass and atelectasis  1.4 
Locations
The right upper lobe  13  17.8 
The right middle lobe  9.6 
The right lower lobe  20  27.4 
The left upper lobe  11 
The left lower lob  20  27.4 
The left main bronchi  4.1 
Bilateral  2.7 

Twenty-three patients (24%) had malignancies, which occurred previously in five patients (Table 2), and concomitantly in 18 patients (Table 3). The patients with previous malignancies ranged in age from 44 to 73 years. While four male patients were smokers, one female patient had never smoked. Two patients (Case 1 and 2) were asymptomatic. The lesions were metachronous in four patients and synchronous in one patient. Radiologically, four patients had solitary pulmonary nodules with no findings associated with malignancy. One patient had a metastatic pulmonary nodule from renal cell carcinoma. FDG PET-CT was performed in four patients. In the patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, the SUVmax was 7.4 for the malignant lesion and ametabolic for the pulmonary hamartoma. These values were ametabolic, 1.8, and 3.4 in the remaining three patients, respectively.

Table 2.

Features of the hamartoma patients with previous malignancies.

Case  Age  Sexa  MalignancyPulmonary hamartomaFollow-up (month)  Survival 
      Tumor  Treatment  Duration (month)  Locationb  Lesion  Diameter  Treatment     
44  Papillary thyroid carcinoma  Thyroidectomy  12  RLL  Nodule  10mm  Wedge resection  84  Alive 
48  Testicular Leydig cell tumor  Orchiectomy  RLL  Nodule  25mm  Wedge resection  23  Alive 
65  Renal cell carcinoma  Nephrectomy  24  LLL  Nodule  10mm  Wedge resection  62  Dead 
58  Larynx carcinoma  Laryngectomy  36  LUL  Nodule  4mm  Lobectomy  14  Dead 
73  Larynx carcinoma  Laryngectomy  288  LLL  Nodule  15mm  Wedge resection  101  Alive 
a

F: female, M: male.

b

LLL: left lower lobe, LUL: left upper lobe, RLL: right lower lobe.

Table 3a.

The clinical, radiological, and pathological features of the hamartoma patients with concomitant malignancies.

Case  Age  Sexa  SmokingRadiological findingsMalignancy
      Smoking status  Pack-years  Hamartoma  Malignancy  Hamartoma size (mm)  Site  Tumor type 
76  Smoker  80  Nodule  Nodule  Lung  Squamous 
87  Smoker  120  Mass  Nodule  40  Lung  Squamous 
62  Smoker  55  Nodule  Mass  20  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
59  Smoker  30  Nodule  Atelectasis  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
52  Nonsmoker  –  Nodule  Nodule  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
64  Smoker  60  Nodule  Nodule  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
62  Smoker  50  Nodule  Mass  15  Lung  Squamous 
52  Smoker  25  Nodule  Nodule  20  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
59  Nonsmoker  –  Nodule  Nodule  29  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
10  64  Smoker  150  Nodule  Mass  20  Lung  Squamous 
11  70  Smoker  40  Nodule  Mass  10  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
12  54  Smoker  40  Nodule  Nodule  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
13  60  Smoker  50  Nodule  Mass and atelectasis  Lung  Squamous 
14  78  Nonsmoker  –  Nodule  Mass  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
15  35  Smoker  20  Nodule  Nodule  15  Lung  Typical carcinoid 
16  71  Smoker  40  Nodule  Pleural effusion  12  Lung  Adenocarcinoma 
17  61  Smoker  40  Nodule  Mass  Lung  Squamous 
18  67  Nonsmoker  –  Nodule  Pleural effusion  Pleura  Mixed Mesothelioma 
a

F: female, M: male.

Table 3b.

Stage, treatment, and outcome of the patients with concomitant malignancies.

Case  Hamartoma type  LocationaStage  Treatment modalityFollow-up  Survival 
    Hamartoma  Malignancy  Malignancy  Hamartoma  Malignancy     
Endobronchial  RUL  LUL  T2aN0M0  Rigid forceps  Lobectomy  36 months  Dead 
Parenchymal  LUL  LLL  T1bN0M0    Pneumonectomy+MLNDb  11 months  Dead 
Parenchymal  LLL  LUL  T2aN1M0  Extirpation  Lobectomy  91 months  Dead 
Parenchymal  RUL  LUL  T2aN2M0  Extirpation  Pneumonectomy+MLND  35 months  Dead 
Parenchymal  RUL  RLL  T1aN2M0  Wedge resection  Lobectomy+MLND  38 months  Dead 
Parenchymal  LUL  LUL  T1aN0M0    Lobectomy+MLND  101 months  Dead 
Parenchymal  RUL  RUL  T1bN0M0  Wedge resection  Lobectomy+MLND  31 months  Alive 
Parencyhmal  RML  RLL  T4N0M0    Bilobectomy inferior  30 months  Alive 
Parenchymal  LLL  RUL  T1bN0M0  Extirpation  Lobectomy+MLND  63 months  Alive 
10  Parenchymal  RML  LLL  T3N0M0  Wedge resection  Lobectomy+MLND  39 months  Dead 
11  Parenchymal  RLL  RUL  T3N0M0  Wedge resection  Lobectomy+MLND  45 months  Alive 
12  Parenchymal  RLL  RUL  T1bN2M0  Wedge resection  Lobectomy+MLND  18 months  Alive 
13  Endobronchial  RUL  LLL  T2aN0M0    No  1 month  Dead 
14  Parenchymal  LLL  LLL  T4N2M0    Pneumonectomy+MLND  1 month  Dead 
15  Parenchymal  RLL  RUL  T2aN0M0  Wedge resection  Sleeve resection  2 months  Alive 
16  Endobronchial  Left Main Bronchi  LLL  T1bN0M1b  Bronchotomy  Chemotherapy  14 months  Alive 
17  Parenchymal  RUL  RUL  T3N0M0    Lobectomy+chest wall resection  3 months  Alive 
18  Parenchymal  RLL  Right pleura  T2N0M0  Wedge resection  Pleurectomy  11 months  Dead 
a

LLL: left lower lobe, LUL: left upper lobe, RML: right middle lobe, RLL: right lower lobe, RUL: right upper lobe.

b

MLND: multiple lymph node dissection.

Of the 18 patients with concomitant malignancies, 16 were males and two were females, with a mean age of 63 years (range 35–87 years). Fourteen patients (77.8%) were smokers, with a mean duration of 57.1 pack-years (range 20–150 pack-years). Only one patient was symptom-free at presentation. Malignancies originated from the lung in 17 patients and from the pleura in one patient. Coexistence of a hamartoma and malignancy was diagnosed preoperatively in two patients. Malignancies were diagnosed before surgery and hamartomas after surgery in 10 patients. Preoperatively, five patients had no diagnoses of hamartoma or malignancy. One patient had the diagnosis of hamartoma before surgery, after which malignancy was diagnosed. Pulmonary hamartomas and malignancies were located in the ipsilateral lung in 12/17 patients and in the same lobe in four patients. FDG PET-CT was performed in 14 patients, all of whom had ametabolic SUVmax values for hamartomas. SUVmax values for malignancies ranged from 2.4 to 35.5, with a mean value of 14.4.

Discussion

Benign tumors of the lung are very rare, with pulmonary hamartoma being the most common.2 It accounts for 3% of all lung tumors and 77% of benign lung tumors.3,11 Pulmonary hamartomas can be parenchymal or endobronchial in location. The latter accounts for only 1–19.5% of pulmonary hamartomas.4 At presentation, most patients are free of symptoms, and pulmonary hamartomas are detected incidentally on chest X-rays obtained for other reasons. The typical radiographic feature is a coin lesion in the periphery of the lung. On rare occasions, pulmonary hamartomas can present as multiple nodules.10,12

Pulmonary hamartomas are generally considered to be benign neoplasms. However, there have been several reports on the association between hamartomas and malignancies,5–10,13,14 and the likelihood of malignant transformation to carcinoma or sarcoma.5–7 There are cases of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma arising from pulmonary hamartomas.7,13,14 Lee et al.14 reported a case of squamous cell carcinoma originating from a pulmonary hamartoma. Pulmonary hamartomas may also coexist with metastatic lung tumors. A literature review reported 10 cases of coexisting hamartomas and metastatic lung tumors.15 In addition, patients with pulmonary hamartomas can have synchronous or metachronous extrathoracic malignancies.16,17 The risk for lung cancer in pulmonary hamartoma patients was estimated to be 6.3 and 6.66 times as high as the age–sex–ethnicity adjusted rate expected for the general population.8,9 Pulmonary hamartomas can frequently be diagnosed in patients undergoing resection for primary lung cancers.18,19 Smith et al.18 found the prevalence of hamartoma to be 12% in patients undergoing resection for suspected lung cancers. Similarly, many patients with resected pulmonary hamartomas were found to have simultaneous, synchronous or metachronous lung cancers.2,9,10,20–22 Kawano et al.20 reported simultaneous primary lung cancers in 25% of patients with resected pulmonary hamartomas. Van den Bosch et al.10 found bronchial carcinomas in 11 of 154 patients with pulmonary hamartomas, synchronous in six and metachronous in five. It is clear that there is a high incidence of malignancies in cases with pulmonary hamartomas; however, the question as to whether these malignancies are coincidental entities or associated with malignant growth in existing hamartomas remains uncertain.2,7–10,20 Ruchita et al.7 found no pathophysiologic association between pulmonary hamartomas and lung cancer development. A previous report suggested an etiologic association between hamartomas and malignancies.8 Smoking and environmental carcinogenic factors have also been implicated as important risk factors for the development of lung carcinoma in patients with pulmonary hamartomas.2,9

We found concomitant malignancies in 23 patients (24%). Five of these had previous lesions. Radiologically, hamartomas in these patients presented as a solitary pulmonary nodule or multiple pulmonary nodules. When solitary or multiple pulmonary nodules are detected in patients with a known malignancy, authors tend to regard every nodule as a metastasis. However, these nodules can be associated with synchronous or metachronous primary lung cancers or benign lesions such as hamartoma, as seen in our cases.2,10,15,23 Malignancy was concomitant in 18 patients. Radiological examination showed multiple pulmonary lesions in all these patients. Most patients had a preoperative diagnosis of a malignant tumor and thus were evaluated for satellite lesions. When a satellite lesion is detected in a patient with known malignancy, we tend to consider it a metastatic lung tumor. However, these satellite lesions can be associated with simultaneous primary lung cancers or benign lesions accompanying malignant tumors.18,19,23 A previous report noted that the prevalence of a benign disease was 9% in patients undergoing resection for suspected lung cancers, with pulmonary hamartomas accounting for 9% of satellite benign lesions.18 When satellite nodules or masses are identified in patients with pulmonary hamartomas, we tend to consider them multiple pulmonary hamartomas, as was the case in our three patients. However, these lesions can be associated with other lung pathologies accompanying pulmonary hamartomas, including synchronous lung cancers, metastatic lung tumors, and benign pulmonary diseases such as tuberculosis.9,15,20 On the other hand, patients with pulmonary hamartomas may develop subsequent pulmonary lesions, which may be recurrences of pulmonary hamartomas or subsequent malignancies.2,21In the presence of a malignancy or hamartoma, it is important to make diagnostic investigations for the differential diagnosis of each pulmonary nodule.15,23

Conclusions

Hamartomas are common and linked to the same exposures and risk factors as those for lung cancer, larynx cancer, and others. The majority of hamartomas are parenchymal and appear as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a roentgenogram. On rare occasions, pulmonary hamartomas can present as multiple nodules. Hamartomas may be accompanied by lung malignancies. The possibility of coexisting benign lesions such as hamartomas should be considered when solitary or multiple pulmonary lesions are found in patients with primary lung cancers or metastatic lung tumors.

Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Funding source

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflicts of interest

None.

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