Journal Information
Vol. 23. Issue 2.
Pages 71-78 (March - April 2017)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
617
Vol. 23. Issue 2.
Pages 71-78 (March - April 2017)
Original article
Open Access
Hematological evaluation in males with obstructive sleep apnea before and after positive airway pressure
Visits
617
A. Felicianoa,b,
Corresponding author
, R. Linhasc, R. Marçôac, A. Cysneirosa, C. Martinhod, R.P. Reise,b, D. Penquef, P. Pintog,h,i, C. Bárbarad,h,i
a Pneumology in Thorax Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
b Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
c Pneumology in Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
d Thorax Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
e Cardiology Unit in Hospital Pulido Valente, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
f Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
g Sleep and Non Invasive Ventilation Unit in Thorax Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
h Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
i ISAMB-Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Ver más
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Statistics
Tables (4)
Table 1. Clinical and hematological data of OSAS patients before treatment.
Table 2. Correlation analysis between RDW and sleep parameters.
Table 3. Clinical and hematological data of OSAS patients with criteria for PAP therapy (before treatment).
Table 4. Hematological data of OSAS patients before and after treatment.
Show moreShow less
Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with cardiovascular consequences. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW) are recognized biomarkers of cardiovascular morbidity/mortality. Limited data is available on the association between these parameters and OSAS severity and the relationship with positive airway pressure therapy (PAP). In this prospective study of male OSAS patients we analyzed hematological data in order to evaluate their value in predicting OSAS severity, the relationship with sleep parameters, and their behavior under PAP. Seventy-three patients were included (mean age 46.5 years), of which 36 were mild (49.3%), 10 moderate (13.7%), and 27 severe (37%). The mean RDW increased significantly with OSAS severity and showed a positive correlation with respiratory disturbance index and hypoxemic burdens. Additionally, a group of 48 patients (mean age 47.2 years) were submitted to PAP. After six months, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count showed a significant decrease (p<0.0001; p<0.0001; p=0.001; p<0.0001; respectively). Concerning OSAS severity, these parameters also significantly decreased in mild patients (p=0.003; p=0.043; p=0.020; p=0.014; respectively) but only hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count decreased in severe cases (p<0.0001; p=0.008; p=0.018; respectively). This study demonstrated an association between RDW values and OSAS severity. Moreover, red cell and platelet parameters changed significantly after PAP, supporting its cardiovascular protective effect. RDW may become a simple/inexpensive blood biomarker, making it useful in prioritizing OSAS patients waiting for polysomnography, and red cell and platelet parameters could be useful in PAP follow up.

Keywords:
RDW
MPV
PDW
Red cell parameters
Platelet parameters
OSAS
PAP
Full Text
Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent obstructive events and intermittent hypoxia, which in turn contributes to the systemic inflammation that underlies this disease and its consequences.1–3 In concrete terms, the inflammation leads to endothelial dysfunction, which contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in OSAS, in addition to the exposure to risk factors, such as male gender, older age, obesity, and lack of exercise.4

Some red blood cells (RBC) and platelets indices have emerged as inflammatory biomarkers in various diseases, namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.5 RBC distribution width (RDW) is a laboratory measure of size variability and respective heterogeneity of circulating erythrocytes. This parameter is calculated by division of standard deviation of RBC volume by mean corpuscular volume (MCV)6 and is widely used to identify potential causes of anemia. In addition, increased RDW contributes to platelet activation. It may affect the outcomes in chronically ill patients as a strong predictor of all-cause mortality in population cohorts.7,8 Hematocrit is expressed as the percent of a blood sample occupied by intact RBC, playing an important role in blood coagulability as it affects blood viscosity and platelet aggregation. Platelet size, as measured by mean platelet volume (MPV), is the best known of the platelet indices and has been a marker of platelet activity and aggregation. Increased MPV may reflect either increased platelet activation or increased numbers of large, hyper-aggregated platelets,9 and may represent a link between hypercoagulability and inflammation.10 Another marker of platelet activation is the platelet distribution width (PDW)11 and is derived from direct flow cytometric measurements of platelet cell volume.

To understand OSAS pathophysiology better, a number of studies have recently appeared evaluating the behavior of hematological parameters, specifically RDW, MPV, and PDW, in this disease. However the information on the association between red cell12–16 and platelets12,15,17–21 indices and OSAS severity is controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the hematological parameters in OSAS, to assess their correlation with the disease severity, and their response to PAP therapy.

Material and methods

This prospective study consisted of 103 consecutive male subjects with suspected OSAS, who were evaluated through interviews at a Sleep Clinic.

Exclusion criteria were female gender (to avoid hormonal influence), other sleep disorders, chronic disorders such as anemia, polycythemia, other hematological diseases, hepatic, kidney, and neuromuscular disease. Also excluded were patients with heart failure, neoplasia, acute disease, hypoxemia, and previous PAP treatment.

Demographic and clinical data were collected in all selected patients. Additionally, these patients underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG) study using Embla S7000 System (Embla; USA) with continuous sleep-technician monitoring. Sleep recordings and events were analyzed manually according to standard criteria.22 The respiratory disturbance index (RDI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), percentage of time with saturation under 90% (T90) and lowest oxygen saturation (SpO2) were calculated.

Based on the RDI5events/hour, patients were diagnosed as OSAS (n=73) and grouped into mild (RDI 5–14.9), moderate (RDI 15–29.9), and severe (RDI30). Further, in pretreatment analysis of 73 patients, moderate and severe groups were combined (RDI15).

After diagnosis, PAP therapy with automatic devices (S9, Resmed, Australia) was prescribed for 48 patients according to clinical and polysomnographic criteria,23 in severe disease or in disease of any severity when associated with excessive diurnal sleepiness and/or cardio/cerebrovascular complications. Further, in pre/post treatment analysis of 48 patients, moderate and severe groups were combined (RDI15).

Venous blood samples were collected during the morning after PSG (between 7:30am and 09:00am) and a 12h fasting, into EDTA-coated polypropylene tubes. From patients who had undergone PAP treatment, and were free of any acute disease, a second morning blood sample was collected after six months under the same conditions as above described. In all samples, the collected blood was processed between one and two hours in the same equipment (ADVIA 2120i – Siemens). From routine complete hemogram, RBC count, hemoglobin, hematrocrit, MCV, RDW, platelets count, MPV, and PDW were determined.

At six months, patients under PAP were evaluated for compliance based on PAP software data. More than 4h use/night for at least five days/week was accepted as compliance, as described previously.24

The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committees and all patients gave written informed consent.

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for windows software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). All variables were tested for normality of the distribution using Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Continuous variables with normal distributions were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD). Continuous variables with non-normal distributions were summarized as medians (interquartile rang, IQR). Categorical variables were expressed as numbers (percentages). Spearman analysis was performed for correlations between nonparametric variables. Pearson's analysis was performed for correlations between parametric variables. Student t-test was used for comparisons between independent groups for the values that were normally distributed and Mann–Whitney U-test for comparisons between values not normally distributed. Paired t-test was used when comparing mean values before and after PAP treatment. Categorical variables were compared using ¿2 test. To compare variables not normally distributed before and after PAP treatment, such as MPV and PDW, the Wilcoxon test was used. Results were considered statistically significant when p value was <0.05.

ResultsHematological evaluation in OSAS before treatment

Clinical and hematological parameters of OSAS patients are shown in Table 1. A total of 73 male patients with OSAS were included, where 36 were mild (49.3%), 10 were moderate (13.7%), and 27 were severe (37%). There were not statistically significant differences between mild and moderate–severe groups regarding demographic parameters, medical history and Epworth sleepiness scale score.

Table 1.

Clinical and hematological data of OSAS patients before treatment.

  Total
(N=73) 
Mild OSAS
(N=36) 
Moderate OSAS
(N=10) 
Severe OSAS
(N=27) 
Mild vs. moderate-severe (p
Age (years) [mean (SD)]  46.5 (7.7)  47.3 (8.2)  42.5 (7.7)  47 (7)  0.289 
Active smoking habits [n (%)]  16 (22.2)  6 (16.7)  3 (33.3)  7 (25.9)  0.398 
Pack years [mean (SD)]  21.5 (31.8)  30 (22.3)  20 (–)a  20 (35)  0.177 
Cardiac disease [n (%)]  39 (53.4)  18 (50)  2 (20)  19 (70.4)  0.563 
Respiratory disease [n (%)]  17 (23.3)  8 (22.2)  3 (30)  6 (22.2)  0.832 
Diabetes [n (%)]  11 (15.1)  4 (11.1)  1 (10)  6 (22.2)  0.351 
Dyslipidemia [n (%)]  54 (74)  25 (69.4)  6 (60)  23 (85.2)  0.384 
BMI (kg/m2) [median (IQR)]  30.3 (4.8)  28.0 (3.2)  28 (4.4)  31.6 (4.4)  0.005 
EPW scale [mean (SD)]  9.5 (4.7)  9.2 (4.6)  11.6 (4.6)  9 (5)  0.748 
RDI (events/hour) [median (IQR)]  17 (29.3)  8.9 (4)  21.6 (6)  47.3 (34)  <0.0001 
T90 (%) [median (IQR)]  0.7 (8)  0.2 (0.7)  0.5 (3.0)  10.8 (28.9)  <0.0001 
Sleep efficiency (%) [median (IQR)]  84.5 (17.0)  84 (15)  87 (13)  83 (24)  0.886 
ODI (desaturation/h) [median IQR)]  10.8 (26.3)  6.9 (5.8)  15.3 (10.7)  46.6 (38.7)  <0.0001 
Lowest SpO2 (%) [median (IQR)]  85 (9)  86 (7)  86 (12.5)  79 (12)  <0.0001 
Diurnal SpO2 (%) [median (IQR)]  97 (1)  97 (1)  97 (2)  97 (1)  0.403 
RBC count (×1012/L) [mean (SD)]  5.0 (0.4)  5.0 (0.3)  5.0 (0.5)  5.1 (0.4)  0.517 
Hemoglobin (g/dL) [mean (SD)]  15.3 (1.1)  15.2 (1.0)  14.7 (1.3)  15.7 (1.1)  0.486 
Hematocrit (%) [mean (SD)]  45.0 (3.2)  45.0 (2.9)  43.2 (3.7)  45.8 (3.3)  0.895 
MCV (fL) [mean (SD)]  89.4 (4.1)  89.8 (3.9)  87 (3.3)  89.7 (4.5)  0.414 
RDW (%) mean (SD)]  13.4 (0.7)  13.2 (0.6)  13.5 (0.7)  13.5 (0.8)  0.029 
Platelet count (×109/L) [mean (SD)]  231.6 (57.4)  229.2 (51.7)  226.2 (37.4)  236.8 (70.7)  0.726 
MPV (fL) [median (IQR)]  8.8 (1.3)  8.6 (1.2)  8.7 (1.1)  9.2 (1.6)  0.302 
PDW (%) [mean (SD)]  49.0 (7.5)  48.4 (9.0)  48.7 (3.8)  51.2 (9.7)  0.074 

BMI: body mass index; RDI: respiratory disturbance index; T90: % of time with saturation under 90%; SpO2: oxygen saturation; ODI: oxygen desaturation index; RBC: red blood cell count; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; RDW: red blood cell distribution width (RDW). MPV: mean platelet volume; PDW: platelet distribution width.

a

Impossible to calculate the mean (only one smoking patient).

Considering hematological parameters, only RDW was statistically higher in moderate–severe OSAS patients compared to mild (p=0.029). The mean RDW increased significantly with OSAS severity, the difference between mild and moderate–severe groups being statistically significant (p=0.029). In addition, RDW showed a positive mild correlation with RDI, ODI, and T90 and a negative mild correlation with lowest SpO2 (Table 2), and was more affected by ODI.

Table 2.

Correlation analysis between RDW and sleep parameters.

  Spearman correlation coefficient (rs)  p 
RDI (events/h)  0.248  0.034 
Lowest SpO2 (%)  −0.261  0.025 
T90 (%)  0.292  0.012 
ODI (desaturation/h)  0.338  0.003 

RDI: respiratory disturbance index; SpO2: oxygen saturation; T90: desaturation time under 90%; ODI: oxygen desaturation index.

Hematological evaluation in OSAS under treatment

Clinical and hematological parameters of OSAS patients under treatment are shown in Table 3. A total of 48 OSAS patients underwent PAP therapy, where 18 were mild (37.5%), 5 were moderate (10.4%), and 25 were severe (52.1%). There were not statistically significant differences between mild and moderate–severe groups regarding demographic parameters, medical history, Epworth sleepiness scale score, and PAP compliance. However, BMI was higher in moderate–severe group compared with mild group (p=0.023).

Table 3.

Clinical and hematological data of OSAS patients with criteria for PAP therapy (before treatment).

  Total
(N=48) 
Mild OSAS
(N=18) 
Moderate OSAS
(N=5) 
Severe OSAS
(N=25) 
Mild vs. moderate-severe OSAS (p
Age (years) [mean (SD)]  47.2 (7.6)  48 (9)  47 (7)  47 (7)  0.638 
Active smoking habits [n (%)]  9 (19.9)  1 (5.6)  2 (50)  6 (24)  0.071 
Pack years [mean (SD)]  5 (20)  a  15 (–)  35 (41)  0.065 
Cardiac disease [n (%)]  30 (62.5)  11 (61.1)  2 (40)  17 (68)  0.492 
Respiratory disease [n (%)]  10 (20.8)  2 (11.1)  2 (40)  6 (24)  0.317 
Diabetes [n (%)]  9 (18.8)  3 (16.7)  1 (20)  5 (20)  0.960 
Dyslipidemia [n (%)]  34 (70.8)  12 (66.7)  2 (40)  20 (80)  0.176 
BMI (kg/m2) [median (IQR)]  31.1 (4.3)  29.5 (4.7)  29 (4.2)  31.6 (4.1)  0.023 
EPW scale [mean (SD)]  10.4 (4.7)  12 (4)  11 (7)  9 (5)  0.078 
RDI (events/h) [median (IQR)]  32.9 (42)  9.0 (3)  21.4 (7)  48.7 (35)  <0.0001 
T90 (%) [median (IQR)]  1.7 (11.1)  0.3 (0.6)  2.7 (5.5)  10.8 (30.1)  <0.0001 
Sleep efficiency (%) [median (IQR)]  80.5 (23.3)  78.2 (23.7)  83.5 (28)  79.7 (23.4)  0.670 
ODI (desaturation/h) [median (IQR)]  19.3 (41.5)  7.2 (4)  18.6 (16.8)  49.7 (41.5)  <0.0001 
Lowest SpO2 (%) [median (IQR)]  80.0 (8.2)  86 (6.3)  76 (19)  79 (14.5)  0.001 
Diurnal SpO2 (%) [median (IQR)]  96 (1)  97 (1.1)  98 (3)  97 (2)  0.689 
RBC count (×1012/L) [mean (SD)]  5.1 (0.4)  5.0 (0.3)  5.0 (0.6)  5.1 (0.4)  0.400 
Hemoglobin (g/dL) [mean (SD)]  15.4 (1.2)  15.2 (1.0)  14.6 (1.9)  15.7 (1.1)  0.263 
Hematocrit (%) [mean (SD)]  45.0 (3.3)  44.5 (2.6)  43.4 (2.1)  45.7 (3.3)  0.233 
MCV (fL) [mean (SD)]  88.9 (4.4)  88.6 (4.3)  86.4 (2.1)  89.7 (4.6)  0.749 
RDW (%) [mean (SD)]  13.4 (0.7)  13.0 (0.5)  13.6 (0.9)  13.6 (0.7)  0.005 
Platelet count (×109/L) [mean (SD)]  232.4 (59.7)  235.6 (75.3)  234.2 (31.3)  229.6 (68.4)  0.537 
MPV (fL) [median (IQR)]  9.0 (1.3)  8.6 (1.3)  8.5 (2.6)  9.2 (1.8)  0.594 
PDW (%) [mean (SD)]  50.2 (8.2)  49.3 (6.3)  49.8 (5.8)  51.0 (1.0)  0.975 

BMI: body mass index; RDI: respiratory disturbance index; T90: desaturation time under 90%; SpO2: oxygen saturation; ODI: oxygen desaturation index; RBC: red blood cell count; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; RDW: red blood cell distribution width (RDW). MPV: mean platelet volume; PDW: platelet distribution width.

a

Impossible to calculate the mean (only one smoking patient).

Considering hematological parameters, there were not statistically significant differences between mild and moderate–severe groups

After six months of compliant PAP treatment (Table 4) the hemogram data, although showing normal reference values, revealed a significant decrease in the RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count in all patients (p<0.0001; p<0.0001; p=0.001; p<0.0001; respectively). Considering each severity group, these same parameters significantly decreased after PAP treatment in mild patients (p=0.003; p=0.043; p=0.020; p=0.014; respectively) and in severe patients only hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count decrease significantly (p<0.0001; p=0.008; p=0.018; respectively).

Table 4.

Hematological data of OSAS patients before and after treatment.

  Total
(N=48)
Mild OSAS
(N=18)
Moderate OSAS
(N=5)
Severe OSAS
(N=25)
  Pre-PAP  Post-PAP  p  Pre-PAP  Post-PAP  p  Pre-PAP  Post-PAP  p  Pre-PAP  Post-PAP  p 
RBC Count (×1012/L) [mean (SD)]  5.1 (0.4)  4.9 (0.3)  <0.0001  5.0 (0.3)  4.9 (0.3)  0.003  5.0 (0.6)  5.0 (0.42)  0.684  5.1 (0.4)  5.0 (0.3)  0.005 
Hemoglobin (g/dL) [mean (SD)]  15.4 (1.2)  14.9 (1.0)  <0.0001  15.2 (1.0)  14.9 (0.9)  0.043  14.6 (1.9)  14.6 (1.5)  0.908  15.7 (1.1)  15.0 (1.0)  <0.0001 
Hematocrit (%) [mean (SD)]  45.0 (0.3)  43.9 (3.0)  0.001  44.5 (2.6)  43.2 (3.0)  0.020  43.4 (5.2)  43.5 (4.1)  0.981  45.7 (3.3)  44.5 (2.9)  0.008 
MCV (fL) [mean (SD)]  88.9 (4.4)  88.9 (3.8)  0.908  88.6 (4.3)  88.8 (3.7)  0.780  86.4 (2.1)  86.8 (1.2)  0.339  89.7 (4.6)  89.5 (4.2)  0.674 
RDW (%) [mean (SD)]  13.4 (0.7)  13.6 (0.8)  0.070  13.1 (0.5)  13.6 (0.9)  0.059  13.6 (0.9)  13.9 (1.2)  0.621  13.6 (0.7)  13.7 (0.7)  0.711 
Platelet Count (×109/L) [mean (SD)]  232.4 (59.7)  212.0 (51.6)  <0.0001  235.6 (75.3)  217.6 (52.9)  0.014  234.2 (31.3)  201.6 (28.0)  0.097  229.6 (68.4)  210.0 (55.2)  0.018 
MPV (fL) [median (IQR)]  9.0 (1.2)  9.0 (1.7)  0.900  8.6 (1.3)  8.7 (1.2)  0.736  8.7 (1.1)  9.2 (1.2)  0.242  9.2 (1.2)  9.0 (2.3)  0.737 
PDW (%) [mean (SD)]  50.2 (8.5)  49.5 (15.3)  0.781  49.3 (62.5)  51.4 (9.4)  0.287  49.6 (2.9)  51.4 (10.1)  0.631  51.0 (10.0)  49.5 (17.1)  0.727 
PAP compliance (h) [mean (SD)]  –  4.7 (1.9)  –  –  4.3 (1.4)  –  –  6.1 (1.8)  –  –  4.9 (2.3)  – 

RBC: red blood cell count; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; RDW: red blood cell distribution width (RDW). MPV: mean platelet volume; PDW: platelet distribution width.

In conclusion, concerning hematological evaluation in OSAS patients before PAP therapy, only RDW showed statistical increase according to OSAS severity. However, after six months of PAP therapy RDW values had not changed, which may be due to a small sample size.

Discussion

This study reinforces the importance of hematological evaluation as an easy complementary tool to the global approach to OSAS patients by showing that RDW increased significantly with OSAS severity and that red cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count mean values significantly decreased after PAP treatment. These findings suggest that RDW might be used as marker of OSAS severity and RBC and platelets count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit used as markers of response to treatment. In this study, the possible confounding effects of several factors/diseases on the studied parameters were excluded, such as age, smoking habits, and co-morbidities since there were no statistical differences regarding these factors between different OSAS severity levels, and neither group showed the presence of anemia.

Hematological evaluation in OSAS before treatment

There has not been consensus in previous studies in literature about RDW expression in OSAS. Some authors showed that RDW values were higher in OSAS patients than in controls13,14 and also higher in those with cardiovascular diseases.13 While others reported that RDW mean values were similar in OSAS patients compared to snorers.16

Considering these facts, we intended to evaluate the expression of RDW according to OSAS severity and in our study RDW increased significantly with severity of OSAS. Additionally, RDW showed a positive correlation with RDI and hypoxemic burdens (ODI, T90 and lowest SpO2). The exact mechanism of these results is not clear; however, this may be related to the existence of chronic inflammation. In fact, chronic inflammation promotes red blood cell membrane deformability and changes in erythropoiesis, thus increasing RDW.25

Moreover, the fact that RDW was also associated with hypoxemic burdens could be explained by the effect of hypoxia. In OSAS, sustained hypoxia, leads to activation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 resulting in increased erythropoietin expression26 and consequently higher RDW. These results, taken altogether, support our proposed role of RDW as a simple surrogate marker for OSAS severity.

A previous study, which compared controls with OSAS patients, reported a significant correlation between RDW and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), age, and mean SpO2.13 Also, the study of Sökücü and co-workers found that RDW was higher in patients with OSAS and increased significantly with severity, even after correction for anemia.14 Recently, Gunbatar and coworkers showed that RDW in OSAS patients was similar compared to snorers. They, also, reported that BMI, AHI, pulmonary artery pressure, and T90 were positively correlated with RDW in patients with OSAS.16 However, age and BMI were different between patients and controls, which could be confounding factors. Another recent study reinforced the idea that RDW could be a marker for OSAS severity27 because it was positively correlated with AHI, ODI, Epworth sleepiness scale, hematocrit and negatively correlated with minimum SpO2 and rapid eye movement sleep. However, in this multivariable analysis, only ODI was an independent predictor of RDW, which means a higher ODI will predict a higher RDW.

Additionally, in our study other hematological parameters did not significantly change with OSAS severity. In literature there are controversial results about the expression of these parameters in OSAS.16–19 Some authors have reported that the hematocrit, platelet count, MPV, and PDW increased in OSAS and correlated positively with severity,27 even after controlling for possible confounding factors. However, OSAS patients usually do not show clinical polycythemia.28 Our results, concerning the PDW and MPV tendency to increase with OSAS severity, could be explained by increased platelet activation and aggregation.29,30 In fact, MPV is an indicator of platelet activation which could result from sympathetic overactivity,31 hypoxia,32 and inflammation,33,34 all being well-known features of OSAS.2,3,35 Additionally, platelet activation may contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with OSAS.36,19

Hematological evaluation in OSAS under treatment

After six month of PAP treatment, patients showed a significant decrease in RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count. Sustained hypoxia results in increased expression of erythropoietin26 inducing erythropoiesis with consequent increase in hematological parameters. PAP correction of respiratory events and consequent hypoxia and inflammation can translate in a decrease in RBC and platelets counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as obtained in our study. On the other hand, the tendency to decrease MPV and PDW could be also explained by the fact that besides PAP decreasing hypoxia and inflammation, it also improves platelet aggregability.37

Our results agree with previous studies that showed decreases in hematocrit after PAP treatment.38,39 A recent study20 reported a significant reduction of hematocrit and MPV, while RDW and PDW increased after six months of PAP treatment in patients with severe OSAS.

There are potential limitations of this study, such as the small sample size, exclusion of women, and lack of comparison with a group of OSAS patients under sham PAP. Also, in this study we did not evaluate the correlation of some markers of inflammation, neurohormonal activation, or oxidative stress with these hematological parameters. The lack of exclusion of OSAS patients with hypertension, diabetes or chronic medication such as anti-coagulation, anti-aggregation, anti-inflammation or immunosuppression agents is also an additional limitation. Finally, although our study population was not anemic, we did not measure nutritional status, which could be a potential cause of increased RDW.

Conclusions

Our study has established the importance of hematological evaluation as complementary tool for diagnosis and treatment response in OSAS patients.

RDW, as a marker of OSAS severity, can be used as an easy/inexpensive tool for triaging OSAS patients in laboratories with long waiting lists. While RBC and platelets count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit could be used as markers of response to treatment, both in primary and secondary care settings.

Further studies, with a bigger sample, inclusion of women (before and after menopause), hematological cut-off points for diagnosis and treatment, are needed.

Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Acknowledgment

To patients that voluntarily collaborated in this study. Project partially supported by Harvard Medical School-Portugal Program (HMSP-ICJ/0022/2011).

References
[1]
S. Ryan, C.T. Taylor, W.T. McNicholas.
Systemic inflammation: a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome?.
[2]
C. Zamarrón, E. Morete, F. del Campo Matias.
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a systemic low-grade inflammatory disorder.
Cardiovascular risk factors,
ISBN: 978-953-51-0240-3
[3]
A. Gileles-Hillel, M.L. Alonso-Álvarez, L. Kheirandish-Gozal, E. Peris, J.A. Cordero-Guevara, J. Terán-Santos, et al.
Inflammatory markers and obstructive sleep apnea in obese children: the NANOS study.
Mediat Inflamm, (2014), pp. 1-9
Article ID 605280
[4]
G. Lorenzi Filho, P.R. Genta, R.P. Pedrosa, L.F. Drager, D. Martinez.
Cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
J Bras Pneumol, 36 (2010), pp. 38-42
[5]
K. Tertemiz, A. Ozgen Alpaydin, C. Sevinc, H. Ellidokuz, A. Acara, A. Cimrin.
Could “red cell distribution width” predict COPD severity?.
Rev Port Pneumol, 22 (2016), pp. 196-201
[6]
T.C. Evans, D. Jehle.
The red blood cell distribution width.
J Emerg Med, 9 (1991), pp. 71-74
[7]
T.S. Perlstein, J. Weuve, M.A. Pfeffer, J.A. Beckman.
Red blood cell distribution width and mortality risk in a community-based prospective cohort.
Arch Intern Med, 169 (2009), pp. 588-594
[8]
K.V. Patel, L. Ferrucci, W.B. Ershler, D. Longo, J. Guralnik.
Red blood cell distribution width and the risk of death in middle-aged and older adults.
Arch Intern Med, 169 (2009), pp. 515-523
[9]
Y. Park, N. Schoene, W. Harris.
Mean platelet volume as an indicator of platelet activation: methodological issues.
Platelets, 13 (2002), pp. 301-306
[10]
A.Y. Gasparyan, L. Ayvazyan, D.P. Mikhailidis, G.D. Kitas.
Mean platelet volume: a link between thrombosis and inflammation?.
Curr Pharm Des, 17 (2011), pp. 47-58
[11]
E. Vagdatli, E. Gounari, E. Lazaridou, E. Katsibourlia, F. Tsikopoulou, I. Labrianou.
Platelet distribution width: a simple, practical and specific marker of activation of coagulation.
Hippokratia, 14 (2010), pp. 28-32
[12]
O.K. Kurt, N. Yildiz.
The importance of laboratory parameters in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Blood Coagul Fibrinol, 24 (2013), pp. 371-374
[13]
S. Ozsu, Y. Abul, A. Gulsoy, Y. Bulbul, S. Yaman, T. Ozlu.
Red cell distribution width in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
[14]
S.N. Sökücü, L. Karasulu, L. Dalar, E.C. Seyhan, S. Alt¿n.
Can red blood cell distribution width predict severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome?.
J Clin Sleep Med, 8 (2012), pp. 521-525
[15]
M.S. Karakas, A. Er, A.R. Gülcan, R.E. Altekin, S. Yalçinkaya, Aykut Çilli, et al.
Assessment of red cell distribution width (RDW) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
J Turgut Ozal Med Center, 20 (2013), pp. 208-214
[16]
H. Gunbatar, B. Sertogullarindan, S. Ekin, S. Akdag, A. Arisoy, H. Sayhan.
The correlation between red blood cell distribution width levels with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and carotid intima media thickness.
Med Sci Monit, 20 (2014), pp. 2199-2204
[17]
E. Varol, O. Ozturk, T. Gonca, M. Has, M. Ozaydin, D. Erdogan, et al.
A Mean platelet volume is increased in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea.
Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 70 (2010), pp. 497-502
[18]
E. Nena, N. Papanas, P. Steiropoulos, P. Zikidou, P. Zarogoulidis, E. Pita, et al.
Mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in non-diabetic subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: new indices of severity?.
Platelets, 23 (2012), pp. 447-454
[19]
A. Kanbay, N. Tutar, E. Kaya, H. Buyukoglan, N. Ozdogan, F.S. Oymak, et al.
Mean platelet volume in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases.
Blood Coagul Fibrinol, 24 (2013), pp. 532-536
[20]
D. Sökücü, C. Özdemir, L. Dalar, L. Karasulu, L. Ayd¿n, ¿. Alt¿n.
Complete blood count alterations after six months of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea.
J Clin Sleep Med, 10 (2014), pp. 873-878
[21]
A. Akyüz, D.Ç. Akkoyun, M. Oran, H. De¿irmenci, R. Alp.
Mean platelet volume in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and its relationship with simpler heart rate derivatives.
Cardiol Res Pract, (2014), pp. 454701
[22]
R.B. Berry, R. Budhiraja, D.J. Gottlieb, D. Gozal, C. Iber, V.K. Kapur, et al.
Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM Manual for Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
J Clin Sleep Med, 8 (2012), pp. 597-619
[23]
A. Qaseem, J.-E. Holty, D. Owens, P. Dallas, M. Starkey, P. Shekelle.
The Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Management of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American college of physicians.
Ann Intern Med, 159 (2013), pp. 471-483
[24]
T.E. Weaver, A.M. Sawyer.
Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea: implications for future interventions.
Indian J Med Res, 131 (2010), pp. 245-258
[25]
G. Lippi, G. Targher, M. Montagnana, G.L. Salvagno, G. Zoppini, G.C. Guidi.
Relation between red blood cell distribution width and inflammatory biomarkers in a large cohort of unselected outpatients.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 133 (2009), pp. 628-632
[26]
C.J. Schofield, P.J. Ratcliffe.
Oxygen sensing HIF hydroxylases.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 5 (2004), pp. 343-354
[27]
A. Yousef, W. Alkhiary.
The severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is related to red cell distribution width and hematocrit values.
J Sleep Disord Ther, 4 (2015), pp. 192
[28]
J.B. Choi, J.S. Loredo, D. Norman, P.J. Mills, S. Ancoli-Israel, M.G. Ziegler, et al.
Does obstructive sleep apnea increase hematocrit?.
Sleep Breath, 10 (2006), pp. 155-160
[29]
B.D. Kent, S. Ryan, W.T. McNicholas.
Obstructive sleep apnea and inflammation: relationship to cardiovascular co-morbidity.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 178 (2011), pp. 475-481
[30]
Y. Kondo, I. Kuwahira, M. Shimizu, A. Nagai, T. Iwamoto, S. Kato, et al.
Significant relationship between platelet activation and apnea–hypopnea index in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 36 (2011), pp. 79-83
[31]
T. Geiser, F. Buck, B.J. Meyer, C. Bassetti, A. Haeberli, M. Gugger.
In vivo platelet activation is increased during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Respiration, 69 (2002), pp. 229-234
[32]
M.C. Feres, F.D. Cintra, C.F. Rizzi, L. Mello-Fujita, A.A. Lino de Souza, S. Tufik, et al.
Evaluation and validation of a method for determining platelet catecholamine in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and arterial hypertension.
[33]
T. Tyagi, S. Ahmad, N. Gupta, A. Sahu, Y. Ahmad, V. Nair, et al.
Altered expression of platelet proteins and calpain activity mediate hypoxiainduced prothrombotic phenotype.
Blood, 123 (2014), pp. 1250-1260
[34]
K. Ghoshal, M. Bhattacharyya.
Overview of platelet physiology: its hemostatic and nonhemostatic role in disease pathogenesis.
Sci World J, (2014),
ID 781857
[35]
C.M. Hoyos, K.L. Melehan, P.Y. Liu, R.R. Grunstein, C.L. Phillips.
Does obstructive sleep apnea cause endothelial dysfunction? A critical review of the literature.
Sleep Med Rev, 20C (2015), pp. 15-26
[36]
S. Murat, M. Duran, N. Kalay, O. Gunebakmaz, M. Akpek, C. Doger, et al.
Relation between mean platelet volume and severity of atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Angiology, 64 (2013), pp. 131-136
[37]
T. Oga, K. Chin, A. Tabuchi, M. Kawato, T. Morimoto, K. Takahashi, et al.
Effects of obstructive sleep apnea with intermittent hypoxia on platelet aggregability.
J Atheroscler Thromb, 16 (2009), pp. 862-869
[38]
J. Krieger, E. Sforza, C. Delanoe, C. Petiau.
Decrease in haematocrit with continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnoea patients.
Eur Respir J, 5 (1992), pp. 228-233
[39]
A.M. Khan, S. Ashizawa, V. Hlebowicz, D.W. Appel.
Anemia of aging and obstructive sleep apnea.
Sleep Breath, 15 (2011), pp. 29-34
Copyright © 2017. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?