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Vol. 10. Issue 3.
Pages 217-225 (May - June 2004)
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Vol. 10. Issue 3.
Pages 217-225 (May - June 2004)
ARTIGO DE REVISÃO/REVISION ARTICLE
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Doença pleural e síndroma de imunodeficiência adquirida
Pleural disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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Adelina Amorim*, Maria Sucena*, Gabriela Fernandes*, Adriana Magalhães**
* Interna Complementar de Pneumologia do Hospital de S. João, Porto.
** Assistente graduada de Pneumologia do Hospital de S. João, Porto.
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RESUMO

As infecções respiratórias estão entre as infecções mais comuns nos doentes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH), podendo ocorrer com qualquer valor de CD4. As complicações pleurais não são frequentes, mas têm algumas características distintas das dos doentes VIH negativos.

A ocorrência de pneumotórax (PTX) em doentes com infecção VIH foi descrito pela primeira vez em 1984. A incidência total de PTX nos doentes com síndroma da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA) varia entre os 2,7% e 4,9%. A maioria dos casos ocorre em doentes com infecção por Pneumocystis carinii prévia ou actual, que apresentam cavidades pulmonares subpleurais, associadas a necrose. O tratamento do PTX nos doentes com SIDA é difícil, verificando-se uma maior tendência para a persistência de fístulas broncopleurais. O uso de drenagem por toracostomia, com ou sem esclerose pleural, pode não ser suficiente para resolver o PTX. Outras opções terapêuticas são a colocação de uma válvula de Heimlich ou o recurso à cirurgia.

A prevalência e a etiologia do derrame pleural (DP) em doentes hospitalizados com SIDA é muito variável. Uma das causas que pode contribuir para esta variabilidade é a diferença nos factores de risco associados à infecção VIH na população estudada. Os derrames parapneumónicos, a tuberculose e o sarcoma de Kaposi são as causas mais comuns. Os empiemas são uma complicação pleural rara. Apesar de a pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii ser uma causa comum de pneumonia nos doentes com SIDA, raramente é causa de derrame pleural. Outras causas possíveis de derrame pleural são os linfomas não-Hodgkin, nomeadamente o linfoma das cavidades corporais.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2004; X (3): 217-225

Palavras-chave:
doença pleural
pneumotórax
derrame pleural
síndroma de imunodeficiência adquirida
VIH
ABSTRACT

Respiratory infections are among the most common complications in patients infected with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and can occur at all CD4 level. Pleural complications are uncommon but they have some distinctive aspects from HIV-negative patients.

The PTX occurrence in HIV-positive patients was described for the first time in 1984. The total incidence of pneumothorax (PTX) in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) varies from 2,7% to 4,9%. The great majority occurs in patients with current or previous Pneumocystis carinii infection, who present subpleural pulmonary cavities with necrosis. The treatment of spontaneous PTX in patients with AIDS is difficult, with an increased tendency to bronchopleural fistula persistance. The use of tube thoracostomy, with or without pleural sclerose, can be insufficient to resolve PTX. Other therapeutic options are attachment of a Heimlich valve or surgical intervention.

The prevalence and the etiology of pleural effusion (PE) among hospitalized patients with AIDS varies widely. One reason that can contribute to this variability is the diference on risk factors associated with HIV infection, in the studied population. Parapneumonic effusions, tuberculosis and Kaposi’s sarcoma are the most common causes. Empyemas are a rare pleural complication. Although Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a common cause of pneumonias in AIDS patients, it is an unusual cause of pleural effusion. Other possible causes of pleural effusion are non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, namely body cavity-based lymphoma.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2004; X (3): 217-225

Key-words:
pleural disease
pneumothorax
pleural effusion. acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HIV
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Copyright © 2004. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia/SPP
Pulmonology
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